Copyright: This file © Olaf Winkelhake 15.09.95


TRUEyesyesyesyesBook 2.5 HelpHelpyesyesdd/09/yy


Table of Contents

Basic Ideas:    Introduction   Database Form   Product Philosophy and Limitations of the Program   Bibliography Software and Word Processing   Multiuser Bibliography Database   Delegating the Maintenance of the Database

Quick Tour

Menue Structure of the Program:   File   Edit   View   Citations   Bibliography

The Source Cards:    What is a Source Card?   Write Protection   Filling out Fields Containing Names   Distinguish Similar Titled Publications   Display of Keywords attached to a Source Card

Fill out Source Cards for different kinds of publications:    Books  Journal Articles   Book Chapters   Working Papers   Reports   Entire Edited Volumes

The Subwindows:    Keyword Thesaurus   Attaching Keywords   Searching   Search Related Sources   Finding double, incomplete or keywordless cards   Making Annotations   The Bibliography Style Editor   The Bibliography Style Manager   Author Fragment   Layout Preview   Create Bibliography

Setup:   Word Processor and Language   Display   Misc.

Misc. Items:   How to Export Data   How to Import Data   How to Import Unstructured Data  How to Use QuickHelp   A Note to Word for Windows Users   A Note to WordPerfect for Windows Users

Utility Programs   MiniBook   StyleExchange   NameTool

How to Register and get in Touch with the Authors


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Introduction

Book 2.5 is a citation and bibliography manager designed especially for scientific publications. It is an effective electronic notecard system that helps you manage your sources and provides powerful tools to help you create your documents. It can automatically create and control citations in your own word processor documents. So you can concentrate on the "real" work. With the aid of powerful keyword functions the program can keep an overview of your sources and automatically generate bibliographies. Last but not least Book 2.5 will let you create bibliography styles that are appropriate for your documents.

Book 2.5 is not an "all purpose database". It provides exactly those commands suited to the task that you need and can' t seem to find in other programs, without including complex or exotic commands that you don´t need.

And finally, Book 2.5 is designed for people who have never worked with a database.


Database Form
Providing a Powerful Form

If you have ever worked with a database before you probably got angry more than once about inferior forms. A "form" defines the structure of the information in a database. One should think that creating a form with the new and more user friedly interfaces of the current "all purpose databases" is no problem anymore. But this is only half true. The snag of it is not to create "a" form but to create "the" form that is appropriate for its task.

Often it can be observed that a quickly designed form turns out to be insufficient after some use. If you only forgot some fields with relevant information it is only a minor desaster. Most (though not all!) databases allow for a restructuring of an existing database. You will have to add the field to the form, enter the additional information in all existing datasets and wait for the next desaster. Similar problems can occur if you want to process your data for a bibliography. Bibliographical items are referred to be differently if they are a book, a journal article and so on. Book 2.5 provides a well designed mask that takes account of this. All sources will be formatted with respect to their kind automatically.


Product Philosophy and Limitations of the Program

- dual purpose: creating bibliographies and retrieving literature

- fixed structure of the database mask

- person- versus project-oriented approach

- few preset bibliography styles

- speed decrease with very large databases


Dual purpose: creating bibliographies and retrieving literature

Book 2.5 puts an emphasis on two different aspects: It is a program designed to aid you in keeping an overview of your reading by providing sophisticated literature retrieval functions and help you in your work on your own publications as bibliographical software. With this combination, Book 2.5 is a unique program.

The idea is that providing database functions performed on a rather amorphous heap of literature is just not enough in the long run. If you spend a significant fraction of your life reading scientific publications you cannot help loosing the overview if you don´t employ some literature retrieval system, telling you about previous readings slipped from your mind more detailed than any "ready to use" database on CD could do.

It is vital for text retrieval functions to carefully attach keywords to the publications you read. Using any preset keyword thesaurus is just not precise enough to yield good retrievals later. Thus Book 2.5 provides simple but sophisticated keyword functions and powerful but easy to handle retrieval functions to help you.


Person- versus project oriented approach

The program follows a person- rather than project-oriented approach. Thus the basic idea is that you store your data in a single file and not spread over several databases containing several projects. There is no "cross searching" of several databases. If you have a look in the "file" menu, you may miss a "load" entry. The reason for this is, that the Program itself carries the data. So the size of the file BOOK.EXE will increase over time.

If you work on very distinct subjects though and want to separate your readings, you can place a second copy of the file BOOK.EXE in the book directory. Of course this file must be renamed first, not to overwrite the other file with the same name. Please note that this is only possible with the full version.


Fixed structure of the database mask

The structure of the database mask in Book 2.5 is fixed. You cannot make changes to it. If you could, it would not be possible for Book 2.5 to autodetect the type of publication, because the program is trained on very strict algorithms to identify if a card represents a book, a journal article and so forth.

Book 2.5 supports only four different kinds of publications: books, journal articles, book chapters and edited books as a whole. In the social sciences this should cover almost your entire readings but this might be different in other sciences. There are very convenient ways to "disguise" other kinds of publications in a way that Book 2.5 would recognize it as one of the four known kinds. For instance I have not come across a bibliography style that formats a chapter in a conference proceedings volume very different from a chapter in a book.

Book 2.5 thus does not deliver "perfect" bibliographies. You will always have to check on the output although you should experience about 95% correct bibliographical entries and a missing or superflous "," every now and then.


Few preset bibliography styles

The program comes only with very few predefined bibliography styles. Some other software packages offer a large number of these styles ready to use. Book 2.5 does not follow this idea. Even if one would include several hundred styles, chances are very low that those journals you use will be among them. Unless you are an economist you probably will never have heard of the JITE which is the "Journal of theoretical and institutional economics" whereas JAMA may sounds like a softdrink and "Nature" like a jeans brand to economists. Thus you will have to create most of your styles yourself. Book 2.5 tries to make this as user friendly as possible and you should be able to create any style in about 5 minutes after experimenting a bit with the bibliography style editor.


Speed decrease with very large databases

The software is desinged as personall bibliography software. Originally it was beyond scope of the program to carry a five digit number of publications in a database. This is a reasonable figure if you only store what you are reading. As it is now possible to import large heaps of literature from CD-databases, some users may exceed this in building up their own private collection and may slow down the program by this. We are currently working on a new database engine to bypass such problems, so this problem will be fixed in one of the next updates.


Bibliography Software and Word Processing
Integrating Bibliography Software and Word Processing

The most important question for a program like Book 2.5 is how a personal bibliography manager can cooperate with a word processor. The "slow and dirty" solution is the use of the clipboard. Almost every program supports importing and exporting via clipboard. This seems to be "state of the art" in bibliography software. Book 2.5 goes one step beyond this.

The widely spead graphical user interface Microsoft Windows allows for communication among the programs with the DDE (dynamic data exchange) function. Book 2.5 heavily uses this function. You simply click in Book 2.5 and "it" happens in your word processor. Full DDE support is implemented for Microsoft Word for Windows in various country versions and Word Perfect for Windows 6.0 in all versions.

With Book 2.5 you can automatically create citations in your word processor and automatically create a bibliography for any of your text files in any style you like.


Multiuser Bibliography Database
Pros and Cons of a Multiuser Bibliography Database

Book 2.5 is designed primarily as a personal citation and bibliography manager. Of course you can share it with several other people in order to access their inputs as well. There are some general problems though that should make you reconsider this.

If you want to use the program as a multi user database you need to run it on a network so that users work with a single physical database. Exchanging disks with the new input is doomed to end in a big chaos. If you use the program on a network only one person must be allowed to write to the database at a time or else there is a great danger of data loss. Every other user can only have the right to read the database but not to write to it.

Last but not least you have to concider that taking advantage of the inputs of the other users requires an enormous amount of coordination among the users. If you don´t agree on a list of keywords you have good chances of not finding sources by keywords due to a different terminology. If you agree on a list you will very soon find it not to fit your needs. You will either be discontent with the list or (more or less secretly) start to deviate from this list. This is of course no problem especially for Book 2.5 but a general one of building up multi-user databases without the possibility of implementing simple rules.


Delegating the Maintenance of the Database
Cons of Delegating the Maintenance of the Database

As the program is designed as personal citation and  bibliography manager it is you who should enter all the information. This has nothing to do with secrecy but with the fact that you will take the more advantage out of the database the more familiar you are with its contents.

If you want to delegate the input so somebody else you will take only little advantage of the program. You will probably not write abstracts by hand to be typed in by somebody else. You will not have an overview of the keywords you have already used and you cannot expect the other person to check for synonyms or to write abstracts for you.


Quick Tour

If you want a quick overview about the program you should read this chapter and play around a bit with the software.

A brief Description of the Program

Book 2.5 is a program that supports the writing of scientific documents. It combines the functions of a literature database with those of a bibliography software. You can automatically generate citations in your word processor document and automatically create a bibliography in any format for this document afterwards. Book 2.5 supports Word for Windows and Word Perfect.

System Requirements

Book 2.5 runs under Microsoft Windows with a 386 processor and 4 MB. For acceptable speed a 486 with 8 MB is recommended which is reasonable for the supported word processors anyway.

Starting the Program

Doubleclick BOOK.EXE or the icon in the program manager. To give you an overview of the functions of the program, a few titles are already included in the program. You can delete them later.

Install your Word Processor

The most important thing to establish the cooperation between Book 2.5 and your word processor is, to tell Book 2.5 which program you use. To do so, click "Setup" in the menu "Edit". A dialog will pop up where you can select your program.

A note to Word for Windows users: Microsoft has translated the macro laguage of word into several languages. Some commands will not work properly if you choose the wrong version. Please contact the author if you are using Word in a country version that is not supported yet. This can be fixed quite easily (and free of charge) with your cooperation.

If your word processor is not supported yet, the interaction with the word processor will not work. You can try out all other search and retrieval functions of the database though. If your word processor can act as DDE client, contact the author as an adaption to your word processor should be possible without too much effort.

QuickHelp

If you click at anything with the right mousebutton, a quick help will pop up. This may be sufficient for a first glimpse. This online Manual has much more detailies.

generating a bibliography

Open a new document in your word processor. Choose a source to be cited in your text with the "arrow-up" and "arrow-down" keys. To cite it, choose "insert citation into text" from the menu "Citations". Book 2.5 will insert a temporary citation that is formatted at the very end. Write some text around this citation, do some more citations or just create a bibliography for a document containing only this single citation.

To create the bibliography, choose "create bibliography" from the menu "Bibliography". You can choose some formatting options or directly click "start".

using the database functions

In addition to the bibliographical functions Book 2.5 provides some functions to aid you in keeping an overview of the literature you are reading.

Click "search" in the menu "edit". You can  flip through the keywords with the arrow-up and arrow-down keys if the search subwindow is the active window.

Choose the keyword "labour.market" by flipping to the keyword or typing in a fragment of it. Drag the keyword on the first search item and drop it. This is the upper field with dotted lines. Now click "Start". Book 2.5 will then display all sources with this keyword attached.

related sources

Besides these more conventional database-functions the program offers a techique coming from the hypertext paradigm. Click "related sources" from the menu "edit" and click "start search for keywords". Book 2.5 will then map all source cards that have one or more keywords in common with the current source card. If you click at an entry in the list, this card will pop up. Thus you can easily access "literature heaps" by a single source.

uninstalling

Simply remove the directory. There are no ini.files or entries in your win.ini.

demo version und full version

To get information on how to register the program, click here


Menue File
Menu "File"

save

Use this command to save the changes to the database. Clicking the "Save Icon"  in the iconbar or pressing F12 has the same effect.

sort and save

If you create a new card for a new source this card is not sorted automatically but only on demand to save time on unneccessary sorting. This command first sorts the cards alphabetically by the author´s name and then saves the database.

If your database is already sorted and you execute this command, the sorting will be skipped.

compress

The two commands "save" and "sort and save" use an algorithm that is fast but a little bit inefficient with respect to file size. Using the compress command invokes an algorithm that yields a smaller file size but takes longer. You should use this command every now and then. There is an option called "autobackup" in the misc section of the setup tabs that regularily performs this command if you want.

The compressed file is stored under the name of the current date, like FEB_19 if the compression took place at the 19th of February. You can delete these files or keep them as backups.

empty database

Using the command "empty  database" removes all cards from the database. You should use the "compress" command afterwards in order to reduce the file size to its minimum.

exchange data

If you want to import or export data from or to a different database or a different issue of Book 2.5 you need to use this command. The program utilizes your word processor and exports or imports data from/to text files. The procedures to exchange data are explained in detail in the 'misc' tab of this manual.

exit

Using the "exit" command saves the changes to your Book 2.5 file and exits the program.


Menue Edit
Menu Edit

add new source card

Each source that shall be included in your database must have its own source card filled out with all neccessary bibliographical information like author, title and so forth.

Some fields of the source card are essential, like the year, some are optional, like the volume number or the publishing company. If the reference style you choose contains an optional field, it will be used if you filled out that field and skipped if you didn't. In case the style does not use this field, it is skipped anyway. If you forgot to fill out a neccessary field, Book 2.5 will give a warning.

If you create a new source card the internal write protection is switched off automatically as you are supposed to fill out the blank card. There is an own section about the write protection below. Please note that the source cards are only sorted on demand and by default if you create bibliographies and reports.

If you create a new source card, a subwindow with frequently used journals will pop up. You can add or remove items from the list of journals by clicking at the +/- button in this subwindow.

remove source card

If you want to remove the current source card, use this command. Please note that you cannot undo this command.

write protection

There are several fields in a source card you will probably not want to change once you´ve (correctly) filled them out. To prevent you from accidently changing these fields they are write protected. This write protection has to be turned off to edit these fields.

If the write protection is turned off, the fields will show baselines and your cursor will change over a field.

If you turn the write protection on again by calling this command again Book 2.5 will automatically check the card. If some essential information is missing, it will give a warning. You can use  the F2 key on your keybord to toggle this command as well. Please not that this will only work if no subwindow is popped up.

keyword thesaurus

To make changes in your list of keywords, use this command. It will pop up the keyword list subwindow where you can choose alternative sorting criteria, remove keywords from the list or add new ones.

While the maintaince part of the thesaurus is located in this subwindow, you define keyword searches in the keyword subwindow. Click here to get more information

double entries/incomplete/keywordless

This command pops up a dialog with several options regarding the maintenance of your database.

You may want to search for double source cards. They may be actual doubles or (which is worse) different sources with an identical citation format. If you´d cite them both in your text body the citations will be indistinguishable from each other. In this case, just add a character in the respective field behind the year field of those source cards, to turn MILLER (1995) into MILLER (1995a).

Book assumes the worst case (i.e. the minimum information) in which citations in your text will be formatted as MILLER (1995) or MILLER ET AL (1995). All similar sources that would cause confusion with this kind of referencing are tagged as being doubles.

If the program has finished searching for such sources you can click at any source to get to that source to edit it.

Another search item are source cards to which you did not attach any keyword at all. You may search for them and add some keywords.

Finally you may search for source cards that appear to be incomplete or badly filled out. Please note that Book 2.5 can auto detect some errors and eliminate them automatically if the respective card is popped up. Thus cards that are tagged as being incomplete might already been corrected if you edit them.

attach keywords

You can use this command or press F8 to start the attach keyword window. As the keyword functions are a very important and sophisticated part of the program the distinct functions with respect to keywords have been divided into seperate windows.

With this command you will only attach keywords.

You will find more information about this window at the "subwindow" chapter. Click here to get there

search

If you want to search in your source cards, choose this command. It pops up a subwindow where you can quickly and easily define searches.

You can output the result as citations or bibliography to your word processor document.

To get more information, click here.

search related sources

A feature to navigate through your source cards are the "related sources". If you click at this command, the keywords of all source cards are compared to those attached to the current card. A subwindow will pop up and display those cards that have one or more keywords with the current card in common ranked by the number of "matches".

This way of searching is unique to bibliography software and can be much more powerful than the traditional strictly defined database searches. With this function you can discover interrelations between titles in your database you have not recognized yet.

If you click at an item in the list, the program will jump to that source. The subwindow will stay popped up untill you dismiss it by clicking the close icon or pressing ESC.

To get more information, click here.

setup

This command pops up the setup dialog box. The items you can setup are described in the "setting up the program" chapter. Click an item, to get to the respective setup issue:

- word processor and languages

- display

- misc


Menue View
Menu View

iconbar

You can view the iconbar of Book 2.5 if you choose this command. To setup the appearance of the iconbar (floating or fixed), go to the display tab of the setup options.

layout

You can preview the layout of the bibliographical entry of the current source card as it will appear in your word processor. To display this layout, use this command.

As the layout takes a little time to format, it might be more convenient to turn it off if you are only flipping through the pages.

To get more information about this subwindow, click here.

annotations

Sometimes you might find it useful to attach comments or summaries to a source card. This command will pop up the annotation window, a notepad like editor that will save your annotations to each card seperately and will pop them up on demand.

If you have already made annotations a small reminder telling you "there are annotations to this card" will be displayed at the respective source card at the location of the "registered by ...." field.

To get more information about this subwindow, click here.


Menu Citations

insert citation into text

If you want to create a citation in your textfile, like Miller [1972a] choose this command or use the respective icon from the iconbar. Please note that this command creates a citation at the cursor position in your word processor. To create a footnote with a citation, use the "create footnote with citation" command in the same menu.

Your word processor must be already running and your text must be loaded.

create footnote with citation

A very common way of quoting is the creation of footnotes like

_________________

See Miller [1972a].

You can automatically create such a footnote with a citation of the current source card by using this command or clicking the respective icon.

create footnote with brackets

Another popular format of citing is to place a citation into brackets like

(Miller 1995)

If you invoke this command a citation in this format will be inserted in your word processor.


Menue Bibliography
Menu Bibliography

choose bibliography style

This command pops up the bibliography style manager where you can choose how your bibliography will be formatted. Choose the style you want from the list.

You can remove the currently chosen style by clicking "remove style" in the style manager. If you click "new style" the current style will be saved as a new style under a new name. This only makes sense if you just have created a new style with the command described below:

create bibliography style

If the bibliography style you need is not supported, you can quickly create it with this command that invokes the bibliography style editor where you can define any style you like with just a few mouseclicks. There is more detailed information on this editor in the "subwindow" chapter. Click here to get there.

create bibliography

If you use the automatic citation function of Book 2.5 in your word processing  you are able to automatically create a bibliography for this text. You do not need to flip through your database to manually tag cards to be included in the bibliography. Book 2.5 does that for you.

The program searches your currently opened word processor file for citations which it recognises by a '#' at the beginning and end of a citation. For this reason you should not use this character in your text as this would certainly cause confusion.

If you click at this menuitem all settings that will affect the output and have to be set now will be presented to you - like the bracket style, final citation format and the language.

The bibliographical entries will come in order of appereance. You might need to sort them afterwards with your word processor.

output single source

If you just want to insert a bibliographic item of the current source card in any word processor document, use this command.

output all sources to word processor

If you want a complete hardcopy of all bibliographical information stored in your database, use this command. Your word processor must already be running.


What is a Source Card?

A source card contains all bibliographical informations about a piece of literature (source) that are needed to create citations and bibliographies.

You can think of a source card as a single card in a rolodex like cardfile. The cards are primarily sorted alphabetically by the first authors family name and secondarily by the year of the publication.

As the layout of the source card is unique for all kinds of publications (books, articles etc.) you may leave some fields blank as they don´t make sense for that publication, like the publisher field for a journal article.

To create a new source card, choose the add new source card command in the "edit" menu.


Write Protection
The Write Protection

If you have entered all bibliographical informaton into a source card you will rarely want to edit this information unless you find out it is incorrect.

To prevent you from accidently making changes, these fields are write protected. You can turn off this protection on demand though. If you create a new card, the write protection will automatically be turned off. To toggle the write protection on and off, press the F2 key. If the write protection is turned off, baselines will be assigned to the fields you can fill out. If you turn it on again, they will dissapear.


Filling out Fields Containing Names

Different kinds of sources are referred to differently in a bibliography and differently in different bibliographical styles. Book 2.5 automatically detects the kind of publication of a source card and formats the bibliographical information due to the chosen bibliography style.

The most complex formatting regards the names of authors and editors. Some bibliography styles have the christian name first, some the family name, some a mixture and so forth. Book 2.5 can deal with all these variations if you stick to a simple syntax in the fields, that contain names. They have the following syntax:

If there is only a single author or editor:

Axelrod, Robert B.

If there are multiple authors or editors:

Laurel, Stanley M.; Hardy, Oliver C.

The rule is very simple: if there are multiple authors, the authors are seperated by a colon. Each author comes with the family name first, a comma and then the christian names in normal sequence. The last author does not have a colon following.

These rules do only apply to the author and editor field. If you enter a book with the title "the life and times of Oliver Hardy and Stan Laurel" you don´t have to stick to this rule as these names are part of a title and never will be reformatted.


Distinguish Similar Titled Publications

A general problem with citations is, that they might turn out not to be unique. Imagine a citation

Miller [1994]

in your text and two entries in your bibliography that have been written by a person named Miller in 1994. It might be the same person or even two persons with the same name.

To bypass such problems, there is a special field on the right hand side of the year field. You can enter a character here to turn Miller [1994] into Miller [1994a].


Book
Filling out a Source Card for a Book

author: name of the author(s)

title: title of the book

location: home of the publishing company

publisher: name of the publishing company

year: year of publication

pages: number of pages


journal article
Filling out a Source Card for a Journal Article

author: name of the author(s)

title: title of the article

in: name of the journal

year: year of publication

vol: volume and "Supplement" if so

No.: number

pages: number of pages


book chapter
Filling out a Source Card for a Book Chapter

author: name of the author(s)

title: title of the book

ed.: name of the editor(s)

in: title of the book

location: home of the publishing company

publisher: name of the publishing company

year: year of publication

pages: number of pages


working paper
Filling out a Source Card for a Working Paper

author: name of the author(s)

title: title of the working paper

location: name of the institution (like "University of Munich")

publisher: name of the series (like "Working Paper No. 122")

year: year of publication

pages: number of pages


report
Filling out a Source Card for a Report

author: name of the institution

title: title of the report

location: home of the institution/publishing company

publisher: name of the institution/publishing company

year: year of publication

pages: number of pages


entire edited volume
Filling out a Source Card for an entire Edited Volume

ed: name of the editor(s)

in: name of the volume

location: publishing company

publisher: name of the publishing company

year: year of publication

pages: number of pages


Display of Keywords attached to a Source Card

All keywords you have attached to a source card are displayed in a list on each source card. If you want to add or remove keywords from this list you have to use the "attach keyword window". You cannot write directly into the keyword list. Book 2.5 couldn´t automatically update the keyword list otherwise.


Keyword Thesaurus

If you plan to use the program for a longer period and large heaps of literature, it is essential to attach keywords to the publications you´ve read to keep an overview.

It is not only important to attach keywords but to have powerful functions to manage your keyword list. Book 2.5 put an emphasis on these functions. The philosophy of the program is, that it is essential to attach good and personal keywords to the sources you read. If you don´t ... you will loose a lot of the power of the program and of the power keeping your readings in a database.

If you want to add a new keyword to the list use the create new keyword button.

There are two search criteria for the list: alphabetically and by number of attachments. The second criterion is aimed to help you to tighten your list by finding exotic keywords. You should do this every now and then because keywords you only use very seldom are of little use as you will hardly remember that they exist while they blow up the list.

Normally your keyword list should be in correct shape. If you import from another database this is not the case as the thesaurus is not updated instantly.

If you click the delete thesaurus button, all keywords will be erased from the list, though not from the source cards. You can create the list anew afterwards as all information is stored with the source cards. But: A faster way to do this is to first click set all keywords to zero and then rebuilt thesaurus. The advantage is that the list does not need to be recreated from scratch which is slower than using the old cards.

To remove keywords that are in the list but haven´t been attached, click remove all keywords occuring zero times.


Attaching Keywords

There is a window of its own to attach keywords to source cards. You can either invoke it with the command "attach keywords" in the "edit" menu or pressing F8.

You can either flip through the list of keywords with the arrow keys (up/down) or search for a keyword fragment. If the search string is at least of the "critical fragment" size, Book 2.5 will start to search for a matching keyword. You can set this critical fragment size in the "misc." section of the "setup".

If you press the "insert" key  with the keyword window having the focus, the current keyword will be attached to the source. You can use the attach button as well or simply drag the keyword and drop it on the keyword list of the source card.


Searching for Keywords
Searching

The search subwindow offers you several ways to search your source cards. You can either search for keywords, strings in the source card fields or related sources.

You can either invoke this subwindow with F5, the command "search keywords" from the menu "Edit" or with the looking-glass-icon from the iconbar. If this subwindow pops up, you can choose the search type from the tablabel

The search types will be explained below.

- searching for keywords

- searching for fragments

- searching for related sources


Searching for keywords

You can search for keywords in a seperate subwindow. To access it, press F5 or click "Search" from the menue "Edit" If the search window pops up, you can choose the search type from the tablabel.

To search for a keyword, first select a keyword from the thesaurus by either flipping through the keywords with the arrow-up and arrow-down key or by typing in a fragment of a keyword. If the numbers of characters you´ve typed in amount to the critical fragment size, a search will be started.

To enclose a fragment or keyword, simply drag and drop it onto one of the two search items you can recogzise by their dotted lines.

Please note that the flipping or typing does only work if the search keyword subwindow is active. If in doubt, click at the caption to make it active.

You can select boolean operators for each search item by clicking at the buttons labelled "AND", "NOT" and "OR". They will toggle between these values. "AND" means that both items must be true for a source to be a match. "NOT" means that the search item must not be true for a source to be a match. "OR" means that either the first or the second or both items must be attached to a source to be a match.

While you can only set the boolean operator for the second item at the first search step you can set the operators for both items at all succeeding steps.

If you want to search only for one item, leave the second empty. It is ignored then.

If the first search step yields too many matches you can continue to specify your search in additional steps. If you click additional search you can define one or two new search items that will be performed on the matches that were found at the last search. Thus you can continue to specify your search on top of the previous ones until it is precise enough.

You can choose the year option if you want to restrict the search for certain years. You can choose whether a match must be younger, older or from the exact year that is displayed. You can change the displayed year with the + and - buttons.

You can also decide that sources that are a match with respect to keywords are not considered a match if you don´t have a private copy. So you can quickly get an overview what literature is most accessible on a certain topic.

With cite all or report you can cite all matches or output them as bibliography to your word processor document.

If you click at a match in the list, the program will jump to the respective source card.


Searching for other criteria
Searching for fragments

If you neither want to search the database by the name of the first author nor by keywords attached to source cards but by strings in a certain field or anywhere on a source card, you can use this search type.

You can search for keywords in a seperate subwindow. To access it, press F5 or click "Search" from the menue "Edit" If the search window pops up, you can choose the search type from the tablabel.

You can combine two strings referring to different fields with a boolean operator. You can toggle between the boolean operators AND, OR and NOT by clicking the button with the respective caption. If you only want to search for one string, leave the text of the second field blank.

Enter the strings you want to search for and the field and press the "start" button. The number of matches will be displayed as well as the raw citation format of the matches. If you click at a match, the program will pop up the respective card.


Making Annotations

Book 2.5 offers a notepad like editor to each source card. You can add your own annotations to each source card, containing abstracts or literal quotes, the adress of the author or whatever.

To pop up this window, use the command from the "view" menu or press F9. Any changes will be stored the next time you save the entire database.

Note that this window does not have a close button in the upper left corner. To close this window, you must click "dismiss" in order to tell the program you´ve finished editing and the annotations made are directed towards the source they refer to.


Search Related Sources

A hypertext-like feature to navigate through your source cards are the "search related sources". You can access this dialog in several ways: If you click at this command in the "edit" menu press F7 or the  or choose this option in the search window

If you invoke this command the keywords of all source cards are compared to those attached to the current card. A subwindow will pop up and display those cards that have one or more keywords with the current card in common ranked by the number of "matches". As all source cards have to be processed, this command might take a few ticks. You can search for other sources in the same edited volume or journal as well.

If you click at an item in the list, the program will jump to that source. The subwindow will stay popped up untill you dismiss it by clicking the close icon or pressing ESC.

You can choose, how many related sources should be displayed. Note that if a source exceeds this number all sources of the same number of matching keywords will not be displayed.


The Bibliography Style Editor

This style editor is a subwindow and can be popped up by choosing "create bibliography style" from the menu "bibliography"

A bibliography style holds four different types of publications: one for books, one for articles in journals, one for book chapters and one for edited volumes as a whole. You must define a format for all three kinds for the style to work if you have sources of each kind. If you don´t have books in your database you might leave this style blank.

The advantage of restricting the number of  types of publications is, that Book 2.5 can automatically detect the kind of publication by the way you filled out a source card. In addition: If you have a closer look at bibliography styles, most styles in fact consist of only four different kinds, as for example contributions to proceedings of a conference are rarely formatted differently from a book chapter. Thus creating an extra "conference proceedings" style would just mean more work to you without getting any more precise result.

If you pop up the editor the default format is that of a book. The current layout will be displayed as usual in the layout preview. You can use boldface and italic styles, but not at the same time.

Please note that you have to set every textstyle you use. Even if it is plain, normal text you have to turn it on and off with the appropriate button.

It may happen that the display will not be correct untill you finish the style. For instance you might have switched italics off and normal text on but the following text still being displayed in italics. If you later turn off the normal text again, the previous parts should be formatted correctly. If you have finished the stlye, please turn off the respective formatting option at last. You can check the correctness of your editing in the layout preview that is updated after each new choice.

To create a new style you can remove the current "script" of the bibliography style in use. You  can now enter the items of a bibliographical entry step by step in the correct sequence.

For instance if you want to start your style with the name of the authors in boldface you first turn on boldface with the "b" button and then choose a style from the combobox labelled "author". Then you continue creating the style. Every new item will be displayed below the editor subwindow. Now switch off boldface and turn on the "italic" style as you want the title to be in italics and so forth.

Please note that an "_" (underscore) refers to a blank. This means for instance that a button labelled ",_" will insert a comma and a blank.

If you have finished creating a style for each of the four kinds of sources you can invoke the bibliography style manager and create a new style. The settings of the editor will now be stored in a new style with a name of your choice.

If you play around a bit with the editor you will very quickly be able to define even a very complicated bibliography style for all kinds of publications in less than five minutes.


The Bibliography Style Manager

You can access the bibliography style manager with the command "choose bibliography style" in the bibliography menu.

The dropdownlist in this manager shows all styles that have been defined. You can remove the currently selected style by clicking at the remove style button. You can choose a style to be used by selecting it from the list and you can create a new card for the style you have been creating with the bibliography style editor with the new style button.

The option box labelled regard exact formatting will regard any textstyles like boldface or italic if  the box is checked. If it is unchecked the bibliographical entries will be formatted as plain text even if the style includes formatting options.


Finding double, incomplete or keywordless cards

Book 2.5 offers you some tools to keep your database in shape. If you click the command "double entries..." from the menue "edit" you can choose among three options to clean up your database.

All hits of a search will be displayed in a list. If you click at an item in the list, the respective source card will pop up.

You can search for double cards. This term does not only refer to "real" double cards, where you have two source cards for the same publication but also to cards that are quoted itentical and cannot be distinguished by the program in their current format. This might be the case if you have two sources from two authors with the same family name from the same year. They are not identical but would cause problems in identifying them later. You can easily solve this problem by attaching an additional character into the special field. You can choose to eliminate those cards that are real doubles on the fly.

If you search for keywordless sources you will find all sources with a number of keywords less the one you set. Thus you cannot only search for true keywordless cards but also for cards only with a single or two or x keywords.

The third option refers to the search of incomplete source cards. Book 2.5 autodetects the kind of publication a source card refers to. If you happen not to fill out a vital field on a source card, Book might not be able to clearly identify the source. All these cards will be displayed in a list. Book is able to autocorrect some errors, like leading or trailing blanks or line feeds. This autocorrection takes place whenever you go to a source card. Thus it might be the case that jumping to the card itself might already solve the problem.


Author Fragment

If you press a key with a source card having the focus, the "author fragment" window will pop up and use the key as first character of a fragment to search for in the author field.

This window uses a fast search algroithm as it expects the fragment to be the begining of the author´s name. It is not recommended to use a fragment from the middle or end of the author´s name. So start a search for "Akerlof" not (for instance) with "lof" but rather with "aker"

As it might be more convenient not to start the search with the first character but not until some characters have accumulated, the program will start the search, if the so called "critical fragment size" is reached which you can set in the setup menu.


Layout Preview

If you click "layout" in the "View" menu, the layout preview will be displayed.

In the preview you can choose which fontstyle and fontsize to use in your word processor. This preview displays the exact layout of citations and the bibliography entry of the current source as you have set them. If you flip through the source cards this preview is updated on the fly.

In the upper left corner the name of the currently chosen bibliography style is displayed. The small buttons labelled "+" and "-" switch between a larger and smaller preview window if your screen is large enough to display the whole bibliographical format without scrolling.

As the formatting may take a tick you might want to turn it off normally. However this is a good device to check if you filled out a new source card correctly.


Create Bibliography

If you have finished writing your publication you can format the citations and create the bibliography according to your settings. If you use the command "create bibliography" from the menu "Bibliography" a subwindow will pop up, presenting you the formatting options.

You can choose in which format your citations will appear in your text.

Book 2.5 offers an "et al. feature". This means you can abbreviate multi-author papers. You can choose from which author on authors are abbreviated by a phrase you can define yourself. The program also checks if your choice makes sense. The "et al" settings require that you drop at least 2 authors. "et al" would be incorrect otherwise. Please not that you must input any leading blanks as well. So if you want to have "and others" as abbreviating phrase for example, please insert a leading blank.

If you don´t want authors to be abbreviated, choose 999 as minimum number of authors for the abbreviation to take place.

The bracket section lets you decide on the format of the brackets or if you don´t want any brackets.

With the titles settings you can decide how many words of the respective title should be menitioned in a citation if you choose a format containing title informations.

If you choose a citation format containing no title informations, this setting will be ignored. Please note that with this setting, or the "full title" format it might be possible that parts of the title are dropped due to internal restrictions of your word processor. In this case the last words of the title are dropped. This may occur if you choose not to abbreviate authors and have a multi-author paper with a huge number of authors.

With the  settings regarding the language of publication you can set the language of language specific bibliographic terms and typographical conventions.

If you for example choose german as publication language,

Smith and Jones (1995)

will be formatted as

Smith und Jones (1995).

Please not that if the language you are writing in is not supported yet you can choose the language "other" and freely define the terms. If you are publishing in several not supported languages, please turn to the author to include these languages in the next release of the program.


Word Processor and Language

The word processor tab shows all items you can set up that are related to the interaction with your word processor.

It is most important that you correctly install your word processor. In the word processor used box you can select your word processor or, if it is not supported, choose "currently not supported". In this case the database will employ the clipboard so you can insert citations and bibliography entries "manually". If this item is not setup correctly the cooperation between database and word processor will not work.

The languages you can choose from in this tab refer to two different levels.First you can choose the language of the menues and QuickHelp texts. Only German and English have been implemented yet.

The second (and by far more important) level refers to the language of your publication. There are quite some language sensitive items in a bibliography you want to be formatted in the language of the text. You do not need to decide upon this language until you want to process the bibliography. Only at this very late stage the final formatting of references in your text and bibliographical entries will be formatted due to the country settings. If you call "create bibliography" you will be presented some already implemented languages. If the wanted language is not among them, choose 'other'. You can edit the settings for this 'other' language right here at the language tab.


Display

The display tab contains several items that are related to the display of the source cards.

You can choose if you want the iconbar to be free floating or fixed. If you check the "show on startup" option, the iconbar (in the style you´ve choosen) will be displayed automatically. If you uncheck it, you will have to click the "iconbar" menuitem in the setup menu.

If you check "display layout preview on startup" the layout preview will be displayed automatically.. If you uncheck this option, you will have to call the respective command from the "Tool" menu or click the "L" icon in the iconbar. You can choose between a free floating window for the prevew or a window attached to the source card as with the iconbar.

Book 2.5 offers a very easy but powerful way to change the appearance of the source cards. You can drag and drop a color or a borderstyle from the tab onto a source card object to assign this color or borderstyle to this object. If it is possible to assign a borderstyle or color to an object, the curser will change to a hand.


Misc.

In the misc tab of the setup dialog box you can set the following options:

If you activate beep, the program will beep after it has finished some of the more time consuming commands. This is a good option to be turned off in libraries and multi-person offices.

You might find the auto backup option useful. You can choose a period after which your database will be compressed and stored with the current date as filename. If your most recent database is damaged you can go back to the most recent backup version, rename it and use it. Please note that a new backup will not automatically erase the last backup file as the date will be different and thus the file name. So you can decide yourself how many of the old backup files you want to keep. Frequently errors have been observed, with the program being stored at a network drive with the program refusing to backup. In this case move the program to a local drive.

The critical fragment size sets the minimum lenght of a string that is neccessary to start a search for authors or keywords. If your string is is shorter than the critical fragment size nothing will happen until you type in some more characters. This command may turn out to be useful if your database grows. If you set the critical fragment size to a low value the program will find some (to you) inappropriate matches before it finds the source you´ve been looking for. So in order to keep the program from unnessessary searching, set this option to a higher value.

With the animated turn of cards you can animate flipping through the source cards. Turning off this option may speed up the program on slower systems.


How to Export Data

If you think of building up your own bibliographical database one of your major concerns should be (besides of course the quality of the program itself) to make migration to and from another operating system or hardware platform easily possible.

To export data, click "exchange data" in the menue "file"

Book 2.5 supports the two most commonly used bibliographical standards: BibTeX and Refer. If you export your Book 2.5 database in one of these formats you should have no problems, importing it on any other system.

Book 2.5 has some features that are not supported by those two standards. Thus the software comes with an own export format. With this format you can exchange data with other Book users or transfer your database to a future version of Book. As this own format is an advanced mixture of BibTeX and Refer you should be able to modify import filters from other databases easily to read the extra information preserved by Book 2.5´s own export format.

Book 2.5 exports the database as a structured text file to your word processor. You can choose if the format should be BibTeX, Refer or Book 2.5s own format. As the software uses the DDE function, this exporting is a bit slow, especially if some reformatting is neccessary. You should be able to export 30-80 sources each minute on a medium size system.

If you have a larger database to export you may not export the database as a whole but rather split it up in parts to get smaller files that can be handled easier. When you click at any "export" button, the program will ask you for the beginning and ending character of the export. The ending character is not included in the export. If you input "A" as first and "B" as last character to be exported, all sources having an author starting with an "A" will be exported.

The result of this export will be saved in the book directory under the name

Ex25A-B.DOC (book format)

ExTeXA-B.DOC (BibTeX format)

ExRefA-B.DOC (Refer format)

If you want to include the "Z" sources, simply input "A" as final character to be imported. Thus you might export the entire database in one go with export A to A  or split up into A to K and K to A or something similar. The export file is saved every 100 exported sources and when finished exporting.

Please note that the BibTeX and Refer export filters are not perfect as those formats differ from Book 2.5´s own one. As Book autodetects the kind of publication, there might be errors though about 95% should be correct.


How to Import Data

To import data from an (older) issue of Book or a non-Book bibliography database, choose "exchange data" from the menu "file". Book 2.5 now supports several common formats of other bibliography software and literature CDs.

If you have stored your readings in a plain textfile, i.e. not in a database format, have a look in the "how to import unstructured data" section. Book 2.5 provides powerful functions in this case too.

Book 2.5 supports the common formats BibTeX and Refer as well as EconLit and Medline in importing. Book can of course read its own (new) format and the older Book 2.0 format.

You can decide if you want to bypass certain fields that you might not want to import, like the annotations or the library code. Any unchecked item will not be imported if the database format supports it. If its not supported, as the "copy button info" which is unique to Book x.x this setting will simply be ignored.

Book 2.5 expects that the database file comes as a text file and is already loaded in your word processor. Thus you might have to create an  output to file with the other database and import this file into your word processor. To import this file, Book 2.5 employs the DDE function which is a bit slow. Depending on the amout of reformatting the import filter has to perform you can import about 30-80 sources a minute. If you have large databases to import, you might split up the original file into parts and import these smaller files one by one.

Please note that these import filters are not perfect. More or less all formats yield little problems for the filter that might lead to slightly incorrect results. Nevertheless about 95% of the imported sources should be correct. Thus you will have to check the imported data.

To get more information about importing, click at the respective format:

Book 2.5 format     Book 2.0 format     Medline   Econlit    BibTeX     Refer


Medline

There seem to be quite a few different formats calling themselves "Medline", so first make sure that your medline output coincides with the one, Book 2.5 can process.

The import filter expects the authors in the following format:

AU: Firstname-AB; Secondname-CD

The journal title, page numbers, volume and issue is supposed to be formatted like:

SO: journal_name year .... volume (issue) page_numbers

The contents of the MESH field will be directed towards the keyword field

If the source is not written in english and has a TO field (originat title) this title is imported instead of the translated title.


Econlit

The import filter expects the authors in the following format:

AU: Firstname,Aaron-Bernard; Secondname,-Colin-D.

The journal title, page numbers, volume and issue is supposed to be formatted like:

SO: journal_name year volume (issue) ... page_numbers


BibTeX

The BibTeX filter does not utilize the @- Field but autodetects the kind of publication


Refer

The %x and %o fields are both imported into the annotation fields.


Book 2.0 import filter

Book 2.5 comes with a new exchange format, different from the older versions. Of course you can still import from this older format. As the new format is superior to the old one, you cannot export in it anymore.


Book 2.5´s own import format

Book 2.5 now has a new import format different from older versions. Some users experiences problems with huge annotations. This should be solved now. The new format in addition is more flexible than the old one. The structure of each source is this:

- each source is separated from the next one by an empty paragraph.

- there is no special sequence of bibliographical information neccessary for a source. The source can start with the author, title or anything else.

- each bibliographical information except the annotation field must be in one paragraph.

- the first word of each paragraph must declare the kind of information it contains. This is done by a 2 character abbreviation and an equal sign.

- the abbreviations are AU (author), TI (title), ED (editor), JT (journal title or title of edited volume), VO (volume), NO (number, issue), YR (year), YL (additional year character), PG (pages), PB (publisher), CI (City), KY (keywords), LC (library code), CP (copy), AB (abstract, annotation, notes).

Thus for example the paragraph containing the authors name(s) must look like

AU= Laurel, Stanley; Hardy, Oliver

If you have a private copy of the source, the line must be

CP= x

Each paragraph of the AB field must come in its own line as well. Thus your import file might look like

...

AB= this is the first paragraph of the abstract

AB= this is the second paragraph of the abstract

...

If a source does not have a publisher for example, the entire PB line is missing.


How to Import Unstructured Data

If you have alrady managed your literature with a computer but not in a database but in a textfile as plain text you are a bit in trouble transforming your data to a database because a computer program cannot recognize the internal structure of a text as you can.

Book 2.5 provides a powerful import filter to do most of the work for you. You can access it with the "exchange data" menuitem in the menu "file". This filter assumes that you have the information already in some bibliographical format. So your text consists of paragraphs like

Abraham KG, Medoff JL. Length Of Service And Layoffs In Union And Nonunion Work Groups. Industrial and Labor Relations Review 1984; 87-90.

Adams J. The Corporation Versus the Market. Journal of Economic Issues 1992; 397-405.

and so on. Load the document that contains the list into your word processor and place the cursor at the top of this document. Now  click "read next item". The program will now read the file paragraph by paragraph. and display each paragraph in a subwindow. Now you can select any part of this text, drag and drop it onto the field in which the text belongs. Note that you might have to change the syntax of the fields containing authors in order to get correct bibliographical output. NameTool  might be a help here.

If you want to cancel the import and continue with it later, you can later place the cursor at the paragraph you stopped last time to continue


How to Use QuickHelp

Book 2.5 takes advantage that your mouse does have more than one button. You may click at an object in the program with the right mousebutton and a quick help with some short remarks on this object will be displayed if there is any information available about this object.

If you release the right mousebutton, the help will disappear.


A Note to Word for Windows Users

Word for Windows handles text and footnotes as two different parts of a document. It either searches only in the text or only in the footnotes or first in the text and afterwards in the footnotes. As Book 2.5 uses the internal search functions of Word, this behaviour will cause trouble if you use the numeric citation format ([1]) and cite in the text as well as in the footnotes. The numbering of the citations will differ from the order of appearance of the citations. To bypass this, please do only use this citation format if you either solely quote in the text or solely in the footnotes of your document. This restriction only applies to Word for Windows, as other word processors, like WordPerfect, that employ "smarter" algorithms do not have this problem.

Microsoft has created a special version of Word´s macro language for several different languages. In addition, macro versions 2.0 and 6.0 may slightly differ. So please choose the correct version. If you are using a currently not supported version of Word, contact the author. The problem can be solved quite easily (and free of charge)


A Note to WordPerfect for Windows Users

There are no restrictions in the use of the numeric citation format as in Word for Windows. You may cite in the text as well as in the footnotes of your document and still keep the correct numbering.

We sometimes observed a strange behaviour when running WordPerfect with Book 2.5. As WordPerfect uses a large fraction of the system ressources there might be problems when running low on them, even if several MB of RAM are still free. We observed that the system would lock up for 30-60 seconds and run fine without problems afterwards. So before rebooting your system, wait to see if this strange behaviour goes away. This is specific to WordPerfect. It does never occur with Word for Windows.


How to Register and get in Touch with the Authors

The demo Version of this program is fully functional with 3 exceptions: The number of source cards is limited to 300, the export filters are disabled and the program will refuse to save changes after one month after the number of source cards once exceeded 15. We hope these restrictions still allow to try out the program and test it in "real life". If you register the program, you will get a password to switch off the restrictions. So you can continue to work with your installed files, regardless if the demo has already expired or not. You may freely copy and distribute the demo version.

Book 2.5 offers a special student edition that is limited to 300 source cards as well. The export filters are enabled and there is no time limit in the use of the program. It costs US $ 30 a license. Multiple databases are not possible with this edition.

The full version has no restrictions in the number of source cards, availability of export filters, number of databases and so forth. It costs US $ 100. Please contact us for multi licence prices.

You are not allowed to copy and distribute the student or full version of Book 2.5 to other people. You may use it on a portable or home computer though. If you use Book 2.5 on a network you must ensure that the number of users does not exceed the number of licenses you hold.

We hope you understand that we cannot offer a printed version of the manual with prices that low. The usual warranty limitations apply.

If you want to register please send the money to

Tim Hansell

PO Box 687

South Charleston

Ohio 45368

Bank:

Wright-Pratt Credit Union

PO BOX 286

Fairborn, Ohio 45324

account no. 1365215-00

if you are living in the U.S.

or if you are living outside the U.S. send the equivalent in DM to

Olaf Winkelhake

Goerresstr. 20

80798 Munich

Germany

Bank account no.54165949

Bank: Stadtsparkasse Muenchen

Bank ID: 70150000

you may send suggestions or comments to winkelhake@gsf.de.


MiniBook

MiniBook is a small utility program coming with Book 2.5. The program can read all source cards in an abbreviated style from Book 2.5 and display them in a list. You can insert citations from this list by doubleclicking an entry. Book 2.5 itself must not be running for this.

You can select from the topmost combobox, if you want to read the entire database as a whole or in chunks if your database is bigger. Choose "... read all" or "....read next" respectively.

After the program has finished reading the information from Book 2.5 it will display the range of sources in the topmost combobox and the abbreviated source cards in the listbox below.

In order to make the listbox not too long, the contents of the database might be split up into several parts. You can switch to a different range by choosing it from the topmost combobox.

You may change the window size with the +/- buttons.

You can insert a citation into your word processor document if you click at an entry in the list and then  the

icon. If you want to edit the respective source card, mark it in the list and click the

icon. If Book  2.5 is not running, the program will be started and you might need to click this icon a second time to pop up the source card.


NameTool

NameTool is a utility coming with Book 2.5 to help you converting old data.

If you look at different bibliography styles, you will notice that the names of authors are formatted in quite some different ways. For this reason it is essential that the information regarding the author must have a special syntax on each source card so that the software can format this information correctly. This tool was primarily designed for people having their old data not in a database but rather as a document in their word processor.

The format Book 2.5 expects is:

Firstname, Aaron Bernard; Secondname, Colin David

If you happen to have data you are not able to transform into this format with your old software and not supported by the import filters, you might want to use NameTool to help you to transform the format to the correct one.

NameTool supports the most common ways of formatting author-information. Click the format that applies to your data. Please note that the capitalized AND is just the dummy for the separator for the authors. You can chosse the separator from the list or enter a different operator in the combobox.

If you click the button "get and reformat names" NameTool will pick up the information from the current source card and reformat it due to your choice of the old format. Of course Book 2.5 must be running for this. The program will display the new format in the lower field. If it is correctly transformed, click the

"transfer to Book 2.5" button to exchange the old text by the new.


StyleExchange

StyleExchange is a small utitliy to save bibliography styles to a file to store it, to migrate to a newer version of Book or to exchange it with other users.

Book 2.5 must be running and all subwindows must be closed. If you click "get current bibliography style from Book 2.5" the current settings will be imported. You can then enter a name for this style in the field with baselines. For example if you import the style of the American Economic Review, you remove the dummy text and enter the name of the journal. If you now click the "save as" button, the program will ask you for a name for this file. Note that the name is restricted to 8 characters. A file with the EXE extension and the name you choose will be added to your Book directory. If you start one of these style files and click "transfer" the respective style will be transferred to Book 2.5. and used as the current bibliography style. Please note that this transfer will overwrite the old style used in Book 2.5

Note: If you create a style, please send a copy via email to winkelhake@gsf.de if possible. An ftp archive with bibliography styles will be set up.